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Reverenciada en Asia desde tiempos inmemoriales y en la Europa medieval, debido a sus propiedades como especie saborizante, encapsulada resulta sumamente efectivo para el control de las náuseas y mareos.
Esta planta es nativa del sureste asiático y crece en regiones tropicales tanto del hemisferio oriental como del occidental. Se cultiva comercialmente en Africa, China, India y Jamaica; India es el mayor productor mundial.
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Presione la Botella
para conocer la planta
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Descripción:
Una planta perenne con rizomas subterráneos, ramificados con tallos de hasta 1,5 metros de altura con hojas lanceoladas linear de 5–30 cm de largo por 8–20 mm de ancho, alternadas, lisas de color verde claro. Las flores brotan de un tallo más corto que el de las hojas, que ofrece pocas flores. Cada flor muestra un cálice tubular, una corola naranja compuesta por un tubo dividido en 3 lóbulos. El Jengibre se observa en piezas horizontal, aplanadas lateralmente, con ramificaciones irregulares; de 3–16cm longitud, 3–4cm ancho y hasta 2 cm de espesor; algunas veces dividido longitudinalmente, externamente de color pálido amarillento o pardo ligero, longitudinalmente estriado, algo fibroso; las ramas parecidas a “digitaciones” se levantan oblicuamente de los rizomas, son algo aplanadas, cortas, de aprox. 1–3cm de largo.
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Parte utilizada:
El rizoma (Zingiberis rhizoma) puede emplearse fresco o desecado al aire, o bien procesado mediante cocción al vapor y posterior desecación. |
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| Propiedades Organolépticas:
Olor: aromático característico; Sabor: pungente y aromático; Color: internamente amarillo pálido a pardo
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Principios activos:
Contiene un 4-7,5% de oleoresina, en la que destacan el aceite esencial y las sustancias picantes. El aceite esencial (1,5-3% de la droga) tiene una composición variable según la procedencia. Los principales componentes son sesquiterpenos, como a-zingibereno, ar-curcumeno, ß-bisaboleno, ß-bisabolona, (EE)-a-farneseno y ß-sesquifelandreno, y monoterpenos, como alcanfor, ß-felendreno, geranial, neral y linalol.
Las sustancias picantes son los gingeroles y sogaoles. Se trata de fenilalcanonas o fenilalcanonoles no volátiles con cadenas de diferentes longitudes, siendo los más importantes el [6]-gingerol y el [6]-sogaol. El rizoma de jengibre también contiene diarilheptanoides: difenilheptenonas, difenilheptanonoles, difenilheptanodioles y sus acetatos.
Otros componentes son: almidón (aprox. 50%), diterpenos, ácido 6-gingesulfónico y monoacil digalactosil gliceroles.
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Acción Farmacológica:
1) Actividad antiemética: atribuida principalmente a un efecto local sobre el tracto gastrointestinal de los gingeroles y sogaoles. En un estudio en perros, se demostró su actividad antiemética al administrar extractos de Jengibre por sonda intragástrica, evitando los vómitos inducidos por sulfato de cobre, sin embargo, los vómitos en pichones tratados con eméticos de acción central como la apomorphina y el digitales no pudieron ser inhibidos por extractos de Jengibre lo que sugiere que su actividad antiemética es periférica y no relacionada con el sistema nervioso central. La acción antiemética del jengibre ha sido atribuida a las acciones combinadas de las zingerones y shogaoles.
Estudios clínicos han demostrado que la administración oral de polvo de raíz de jengibre (940 mg) fue más efectiva que el dimenhidrinato (100 mg) en la prevención de los síntomas gastrointestinales de la cinetosis (mareo locomocional). Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que no actúa sobre el sistema nervioso central, pero tiene un efecto directo sobre el tracto gastrointestinal, por medio de sus propiedades aromáticas, carminativas y absorbentes, aumentando la motilidad gástrica y adsobiendo toxinas y ácidos.
En estudios clínicos doble-ciego, aleatorios, los beneficios del polvo de raíz de jengibre como tratamiento profiláctico de los mareos por navegación fueron comprobados. Los resultados de un estudio demuestran que la administración oral fue estadísticamente superior al placebo, en la disminución de la incidencia de vómitos y sudoración fría, 4 horas después de su ingestión. Otro estudio comparó los efectos de siete drogas antieméticas en la prevención de mareos por navegación en 1.489 sujetos. Este estudio concluyó que el jengibre fue tan efectivo como los otros medicamentos antieméticos evaluados.
Por lo menos cuatro estudios clínicos han demostrado los beneficios de la raíz de jengibre como tratamiento profiláctico de las náuseas y vómitos. Los estudios enfocados sobre las acciones gastrointestinales del jengibre en comparación con aquellos enfocados sobre sus efectos a nivel del sistema nervioso central han arrojado mejores respuestas, en relación a los mareos locomocionales.
En un estudio doble ciego, aleatorio, la administración de 250 mg, 4 veces al día, de polvo de jengibre fue efectiva en el tratamiento de la hiperemesis gravídica. En otro estudio, prospectivo, aleatorio, doble ciego, se demostró de manera estadísticamente significativa, menos casos de náusea y vómitos post-operatorios en 60 pacientes que recibieron jengibre, comparados con placebo. Los efectos del Jengibre sobre las náuseas y vómitos post-operatorios fueron reportados como tan buenos o mejores que los de la metoclopramida.
2) Actividad digestiva: estimulante de la secreción gástrica, salival, biliar y de lipasas pancráticas y disacarasas. Actividad antiulcerosa por inhibición de la reducción del grosor de la capa del epitelio gastrointestinal.
La administración intraduodenal de extractos de jengibre a ratas, aumentó la secreción biliar por 3 horas. Esta actividad es causada por los [6]- y [10]-gingeroles contenidos en el aceite esencial de jengibre.
La administración oral de extractos de jengibre (75 mg/kg), [6]-shogaol (2,5 mg/kg), o [6]-, [8]-, o [10]-gingeroles, mejoró la motilidad intestinal en ratones, actividad comparable a o ligeramente inferior a la de la metoclopramida (10mg/kg) y domperidona.
3) Actividad antiinflamatoria: Los gingeroles son potentes inhibidores del metabolismo del ácido araquidónico tanto por la vía de la cicloxigenasa como de la lipoxigenasa.
Uno de los mecanismos de la inflamación es el incremento de la oxigenación del ácido araquidónico, que es metabolizado por la ciclooxigenasa y la 5-lipoxgenasa, produciendo prostaglandina E2 y leucotrieno B4, dos potentes mediadores de la inflamación. Estudios in vitro han demostrado que extractos de jengibre inhiben las actividades de ambas enzimas en la cascada del ácido araquidónico, por lo tanto, sus efectos antiinflamatorios pueden ser debidos a la disminución de la formación de prostaglandinas y leucotrienos. El jengibre también es un potente inhibidor de la tromboxano sintetasa e incrementa los niveles de prostaciclinas sin aumento concomitante de las prostaglandinas E2 o F2á. Estudios in vivo han demostrado que la administración oral de extractos de jengibre disminuyeron el edema de la pata de rata. La potencia de los extractos fue comparable a la del ácido acetilsalicílico. El [6]-Shogaol inhibió el edema de pata de rata inducido por carragenina inhibiendo la actividad de la ciclooxigenasa.
Un estudio en China reportó que 113 pacientes con dolor reumático y lumbalgia crónica, a quienes se inyectó un extracto con 5–10% de jengibre en los puntos dolorosos, experimentaron alivio total o parcial del dolor, disminución de la inflamación articular y mejoría o recuperación de la función articular. La administración oral de polvo de jengibre a pacientes con reumatismo u otras alteraciones musculoesqueléticas ha reportado alivio del dolor y la inflamación.
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Indicaciones:
Mareos, Náusea y Vómitos. A dosis equivalentes, es más potente que el Dimenhidrinato para el control de la náusea y mareos locomocional. Profilaxis de náuseas y vómitos de la cinetosis (mareos del viaje) y como antiemético postquirúrgico en intervenciones quirúrgicas menores. La eficacia en ambas indicaciones ha sido confirmada en ensayos clínicos.
Vértigo.
Acidez gástrica.
Dispepsia, flatulencia y cólicos.
Halitosis.
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Efectos secundarios:
No se ha reportado ningún efecto adverso ni toxicidad. El rizoma de jengibre puede causar ardor de estómago, en algunas personas. |
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Dosis:
La dosis recomendada para adultos y niños mayores de 6 años es de dos a tres cápsulas, en una sola toma o repartidos en varias tomas. Para prevenir la cinetosis, la administración se efectúa unos 30 minutos antes de iniciar el viaje. |
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Contraindicaciones:
El jengibre puede incrementar la biodisponibilidad de la sulfoguanidina, al potenciar su absorción. Las personas en tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales o antiagregantes plaquetarios deben consultar con su médico antes de proceder a la administración de los preparados que contengan jengibre, ya que pueden incrementar el riesgo de hemorragias.
En casos de cálculos biliares se debe consultar con el médico previamente a la ingestión de cualquier preparado a base de jengibre. |
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Efectos teratogénicos:
En un estudio doble ciego aleatorio, 250 mg de polvo de jengibre por vía oral, 4 veces por día, utilizados en el tratamiento de los vómitos del embarazo, no se observaron aberraciones teratogénicas en ninguno de los recién nacidos, los cuales presentaron excelentes puntajes Apgar al nacer. |
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Referencias
1: Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003 Apr;43(2):139-44.
Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial.
Willetts KE , Ekangaki A , Eden JA . School of Women and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a ginger extract (EV.EXT35) on the symptoms of morning sickness. DESIGN: Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: A tertiary metropolitan teaching hospital, March 1999-November 1999. PARTICIPANTS: The participants included 120 women less than 20 weeks pregnant, who had experienced morning sickness daily for at least a week and had had no relief of symptoms through dietary changes. INTERVENTION: Random allocation of 125 mg ginger extract (EV.EXT35; equivalent to 1.5 g of dried ginger) or placebo given four times per day for 4 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nausea, vomiting and retching as measured by the Rhodes Index of Nausea, Vomiting and Retching. RESULTS: The nausea experience score was significantly less for the ginger extract group relative to the placebo group after the first day of treatment and this difference was present for each treatment day. Retching was also reduced by the ginger extract although to a lesser extent. No significant effect was observed on vomiting. Follow-up of the pregnancies revealed normal ranges of birthweight, gestational age, Apgar scores and frequencies of congenital abnormalities when the study group infants were compared to the general population of infants born at the Royal Hospital for Women for the year 1999-2000. CONCLUSION: Ginger can be considered as a useful treatment option for women suffering from morning sickness.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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2: Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr;103(4):639-45.
A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.
Smith C , Crowther C , Willson K . Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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OBJECTIVES: To estimate whether the use of ginger to treat nausea or vomiting in pregnancy is equivalent to pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6). METHODS: A randomized, controlled equivalence trial involving 291 women less than 16 weeks pregnant was undertaken at a teaching hospital in Australia. Women took 1.05 g of ginger or 75 mg of vitamin B6 daily for 3 weeks. Differences from baseline in nausea and vomiting scores were estimated for both groups at days 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS: Ginger was equivalent to vitamin B6 in reducing nausea (mean difference 0.2, 90% confidence interval [CI] -0.3, 0.8), retching (mean difference 0.3; 90% CI -0.0, 0.6) and vomiting (mean difference 0.5; 90% CI 0.0, 0.9), averaged over time, with no evidence of different effects at the 3 time points. CONCLUSION: For women looking for relief from their nausea, dry retching, and vomiting, the use of ginger in early pregnancy will reduce their symptoms to an equivalent extent as vitamin B6 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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3: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 Sep; 86(9): 846-53.
A randomized comparison of ginger and vitamin B6 in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Sripramote M, Lekhyananda N. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Medical College , Vajira Hospital , Thailand .
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of ginger to vitamin B6 in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. SETTING: The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Medical College and Vajira Hospital . SUBJECTS: Women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy at or before 16 weeks of gestation, who attended the antenatal care clinic. The subjects requested anti-emetics, had no medical complications, non-hospitalized and were able to attend a one week follow-up visit. From November, 1999 to November 2000, 138 women participated and gave consent for the study. METHOD: The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups to take either 500 mg of ginger orally or an identical 10 mg of vitamin B6 one capsule three times daily for three days. Subjects graded the severity of their nausea using visual analogue scales before treatment and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours and again during three consecutive days of treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The change of nausea scores and the number of vomiting episodes during three days of treatment. RESULTS: The 64 subjects in each group remained in the study. The demographic data were comparable in both groups. The ginger and vitamin B6 significantly reduced the nausea scores from 5.0 (SD, 1.99) to 3.6 (SD, 2.48) and 5.3 (SD, 2.08) to 3.3 (SD, 2.07) respectively, with p < 0.001. The mean score change after treatment with ginger was 1.4 (2.21), less than with vitamin B6, which was 2.0 (2.19) but with no statistically significant difference (95% CI -1.4 to 0.2, p = 0.136). The ginger and vitamin B6 also significantly reduced the number of vomiting episodes from 1.9 (2.06) to 1.2 (1.75) and 1.7 (1.81) to 1.2 (1.50) respectively, with p < 0.01. The mean number change after treatment with ginger was 0.7 (2.18), more than with vitamin B6, which was 0.5 (1.44) but with no statistically significant difference, (p = 0.498). There were some minor side effects in both groups such as sedation (26.6% vs 32.8%, p = 0.439), and heartburn (9.4% vs 6.3%, p = 0.510), a non-significant difference. CONCLUSION: The nausea score and the number of vomiting episodes were significantly reduced following ginger and vitamin B6 therapy. Comparing the efficacy, there was no significant difference between ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
4: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 Mar; 86(3): 244-50.
The efficacy of ginger in prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynecological laparoscopy.
Pongrojpaw D, Chiamchanya C. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University , Pathum Thani , Thailand .
OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of ginger in prevention of nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynecological laparoscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Double blind randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thammasat Hospital , Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University . MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January, 2001-December, 2001, 80 patients who underwent outpatient gynecological laparoscopy were randomly allocated into group A (n = 40) and group B (n = 40). The patients in group A received 2 capsules of ginger (1 capsule contain 0.5 g of ginger powder) 1 h before the procedure while the patients in group B received the placebo. The visual analogue nausea scores (VANS) and vomiting times were evaluated at 2, 4 and 24 hours after operation. RESULT: There was a significant difference in the incidence of the nausea between group A [12 (30%)] and group B [23 (57.50%)]. The VANS was lower in group A than in group B at 2 and 4 hours (p < 0.05). No difference of VANS at 24 hours was found in both groups. Incidence and frequency of vomiting in group A were lower than group B but there were not statistically different. CONCLUSION: From our data, ginger is effective in prevention of nausea after outpatient gynecological laparoscopy .
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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5: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 Mar; 284(3): G481-9.
Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection.
Lien HC, Sun WM, Chen YH, Kim H, Hasler W, Owyang C.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology Taichung Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ginger has long been used as an alternative medication to prevent motion sickness. The mechanism of its action, however, is unknown. We hypothesize that ginger ameliorates the nausea associated with motion sickness by preventing the development of gastric dysrhythmias and the elevation of plasma vasopressin. Thirteen volunteers with a history of motion sickness underwent circular vection, during which nausea (scored 0-3, i.e., none to severe), electrogastrographic recordings, and plasma vasopressin levels were assessed with or without ginger pretreatment in a crossover-design, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Circular vection induced a maximal nausea score of 2.5 +/- 0.2 and increased tachygastric activity and plasma vasopressin. Pretreatment with ginger (1,000 and 2,000 mg) reduced the nausea, tachygastria, and plasma vasopressin. Ginger also prolonged the latency before nausea onset and shortened the recovery time after vection cessation . Intravenous vasopressin infusion at 0.1 and 0.2 U/min induced nausea and increased bradygastric activity; ginger pretreatment (2,000 mg) affected neither. Ginger effectively reduces nausea, tachygastric activity, and vasopressin release induced by circular vection. In this manner, ginger may act as a novel agent in the prevention and treatment of motion sickness.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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6: Altern Ther Health Med. 2002 Sep-Oct; 8(5): 89-91.
Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy.
Keating A, Chez RA. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida , Tampa , USA .
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CONTEXT: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used to ameliorate symptoms of nausea. A beverage containing ginger in a syrup may be easier to consume than a capsule or solid food. OBJECTIVE: To determine if ginger syrup mixed in water is an effective remedy for the relief of nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy. DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Subjects were enrolled from the University of South Florida department of obstetrics and gynecology private practice office. PATIENTS: 26 subjects in the first trimester of pregnancy. INTERVENTION: Subjects ingested 1 tablespoon of commercially prepared study syrup (or placebo) in 4 to 8 ounces of hot or cold water 4 times daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Duration and severity of nausea and vomiting over a 2-week period measured on a 10-point scale. RESULTS: After 9 days, 10 of the 13 (77%) subjects receiving ginger had at least a 4-point improvement on the nausea scale. Only 2 of the 10 (20%) remaining subjects in the placebo group had the same improvement. Conversely, no woman in the ginger group, but 7 (70%) of the women in the placebo group, had a 2-point or less improvement on the nausea scale. Eight of the 12 (67%) women in the ginger group who were vomiting daily at the beginning of the treatment stopped vomiting by day 6. Only 2 of the 10 (20%) women in the placebo group who were vomiting stopped by day 6. CONCLUSION: The ingestion of 1 g of ginger in syrup in a divided dose daily may be useful in some patients experiencing nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy .
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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7: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Nov; 44(11): 2531-8.
Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis.
Altman RD , Marcussen KC. Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Miami , Florida , USA .
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a standardized and highly concentrated extract of 2 ginger species, Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga (EV.EXT 77), in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-one patients with OA of the knee and moderate-to-severe pain were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group, 6-week study. After washout, patients received ginger extract or placebo twice daily, with acetaminophen allowed as rescue medication. The primary efficacy variable was the proportion of responders experiencing a reduction in "knee pain on standing," using an intent-to-treat analysis. A responder was defined by a reduction in pain of > or = 15 mm on a visual analog scale. RESULTS: In the 247 evaluable patients, the percentage of responders experiencing a reduction in knee pain on standing was superior in the ginger extract group compared with the control group (63% versus 50%; P = 0.048). Analysis of the secondary efficacy variables revealed a consistently greater response in the ginger extract group compared with the control group, when analyzing mean values: reduction in knee pain on standing ( 24.5 mm versus 16.4 mm ; P = 0.005), reduction in knee pain after walking 50 feet ( 15.1 mm versus 8.7 mm ; P = 0.016), and reduction in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis composite index ( 12.9 mm versus 9.0 mm ; P = 0.087). Change in global status and reduction in intake of rescue medication were numerically greater in the ginger extract group. Change in quality of life was equal in the 2 groups. Patients receiving ginger extract experienced more gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events than did the placebo group (59 patients versus 21 patients). GI adverse events were mostly mild. CONCLUSION: A highly purified and standardized ginger extract had a statistically significant effect on reducing symptoms of OA of the knee. This effect was moderate. There was a good safety profile, with mostly mild GI adverse events in the ginger extract group.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Multicenter Study
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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8: Indian J Med Sci. 2001 Feb; 55(2): 83-6.
Ginger, fat and fibrinolysis.
Verma SK , Bordia A. Department of Medicine and Indigenous Drug Research Centre, R.N.T. Medical College , Udaipur , India .
Administration of 50 gm of fat to 30 healthy adult volunteers decreased fibrinolytic activity from a mean of 64.20 +/- 5.31 to 52.10 +/- 3.20 units (P < 0.001). Supplementation of 5 gm of ginger powder with fatty meal not only prevented the fall in fibrinolytic activity but actually increased it significantly (P < 0.001). This fibrinolytic enhancing property is a further addition to the therapeutic potential of ginger.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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9: Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Apr; 97(4): 577-82.
Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial.
Vutyavanich T, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri R. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. METHODS: Women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, who first attended an antenatal clinic at or before 17 weeks' gestation, were invited to participate in the study. During a 5-month period, 70 eligible women gave consent and were randomized in a double-masked design to receive either oral ginger 1 g per day or an identical placebo for 4 days. Subjects graded the severity of their nausea using visual analog scales and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours before treatment, and again during 4 consecutive days while taking treatment. At a follow-up visit 7 days later, five-item Likert scales were used to assess the severity of their symptoms. RESULTS: All participants except three in the placebo group remained in the study. The visual analog scores of posttherapy minus baseline nausea decreased significantly in the ginger group (2.1 +/- 1.9) compared with the placebo group (0.9 +/- 2.2, P =.014). The number of vomiting episodes also decreased significantly in the ginger group (1.4 +/- 1.3) compared with the placebo group (0.3 +/- 1.1, P <.001). Likert scales showed that 28 of 32 in the ginger group had improvement in nausea symptoms compared with 10 of 35 in the placebo group (P <.001). No adverse effect of ginger on pregnancy outcome was detected. CONCLUSION: Ginger is effective for relieving the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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10: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000 Jan; 8(1): 9-12.
A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of ginger extracts and ibuprofen in osteoarthritis.
Bliddal H, Rosetzsky A, Schlichting P. Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Frederiksberg Hospital , Copenhagen F, DK, Denmark .
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OBJECTIVE: Alternative medicine is used extensively by patients with chronic pain due to e.g., osteoarthritis. Only few of these drugs have be tested in a controlled setting and the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ginger extract, one of the most popular herbal medications. DESIGN: Ginger extract was compared to placebo and Ibuprofen in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee in a controlled, double blind, double dummy, cross-over study with a wash-out period of one week followed by three treatment periods in a randomized sequence, each of three weeks duration. Acetaminophen was used as rescue medication throughout the study. The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (European Guideline for GCP). RESULTS: A ranking of efficacy of the three treatment periods: Ibuprofen>ginger extract>placebo was found for visual analogue scale of pain (Friedman test: 24.65, P< 0.00001) and the Lequesne-index (Friedman test: 20.76, P< 0.00005). In the cross-over study, no significant difference between placebo and ginger extract could be demonstrated (Siegel-Castellan test), while explorative tests of differences in the first treatment period showed a better effect of both Ibuprofen and ginger extract than placebo (Chi-square, P< 0.05). There were no serious adverse events reported during the periods with active medications. CONCLUSION: In the present study a statistically significant effect of ginger extract could only be demonstrated by explorative statistical methods in the first period of treatment before cross-over, while a significant difference was not observed in the study as a whole.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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11: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Jul; 37(7): 341-6.
Effects of ginger on gastroduodenal motility.
Micklefield GH, Redeker Y, Meister V. Department of Internal Medicine, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Klinikum, Wuppertal , Germany .
The effect of a ginger rhizome extract (2 x 100 mg) was studied on fasting and postprandial gastroduodenal motility with stationary manometry in 12 healthy volunteers. The results showed that: the interdigestive antral motility was significantly increased by ginger during phase III of the migrating motor complex; the volunteers also had a significantly increased motor response to a test meal in the corpus; a trend to an increased motor response during ginger treatment was seen in all other regions of interest. Oral ginger improves gastroduodenal motility in the fasting state and after a standard test meal .
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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12: Dermatol Nurs. 1995 Aug; 7(4): 242-4.
Zingiber officinale (ginger) used to prevent 8-Mop associated nausea.
Meyer K, Schwartz J, Crater D, Keyes B.
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Patients undergoing photopheresis are required to ingest the drug 8-MOP as part of their treatment. This drug causes nausea as a side effect. Ginger taken prior to 8-MOP may substantially reduce this side effect . This study compared patients' nausea when taking 8-MOP with and without ginger.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Controlled Clinical Trial
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13: Anaesthesia. 1993 Aug; 48(8): 715-7.
Zingiber officinale (ginger)--an antiemetic for day case surgery.
Phillips S, Ruggier R, Hutchinson SE. Department of Anaesthetics, Kingston Hospital , Kingston upon Thames, Surrey .
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The effect of powdered ginger root was compared with metoclopramide and placebo. In a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was measured in 120 women presenting for elective laparoscopic gynaecological surgery on a day stay basis. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was similar in patients given metoclopramide and ginger (27% and 21%) and less than in those who received placebo (41%). The requirement for postoperative antiemetics was lower in those patients receiving ginger. The requirements for postoperative analgesia, recovery time and time until discharge were the same in all groups. There was no difference in the incidence of possible side effects such as sedation, abnormal movement, itch and visual disturbance between the three groups. Zingiber officinale is an effective and promising prophylactic antiemetic, which may be especially useful for day case surgery.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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14: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1991 Jan 4; 38(1): 19-24.
Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum.
Fischer-Rasmussen W, Kjaer SK, Dahl C. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Thirty women participated in a double-blind randomized cross-over trial of the efficacy of a natural product, the powdered root of ginger (Zingiber officinale), and placebo in hyperemesis gravidarum. Three patients had to be withdrawn. Each woman swallowed capsules containing either 250 mg ginger or lactose q.i.d. during the first 4 days of the treatment period. Interrupted by a 2 days wash-out period the alternative medication was given in the second 4-day period. The severity and relief of symptoms before and after each period were evaluated by two scoring systems. The scores were used for statistical analyses of possible differences. Subjectively assessed, 19 women (70.4%) stated preference to the period in which ginger, as was later disclosed, had been given (P = 0.003). More objectively assessed by relief scores a significantly greater relief of the symptoms was found after ginger treatment compared to placebo (P = 0.035). No side effects were observed. The possible mutagenic and antimutagenic characters of ginger reported in a study of E. coli have not been evaluated with respect to any significance in humans. Powdered root of ginger in daily doses of 1 g during 4 days was better than placebo in diminishing or eliminating the symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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15: Anaesthesia. 1990 Aug; 45(8): 669-71.
Ginger root--a new antiemetic. The effect of ginger root on postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery.
Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR, McNeil J, Charlton S.
Department of Anaesthesia, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London .
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The effectiveness of ginger (Zingiber officinale) as an antiemetic agent was compared with placebo and metoclopramide in 60 women who had major gynaecological surgery in a double-blind, randomised study. There were statistically significantly fewer recorded incidences of nausea in the group that received ginger root compared with placebo (p less than 0.05). The number of incidences of nausea in the groups that received either ginger root or metoclopramide were similar. The administration of antiemetic after operation was significantly greater in the placebo group compared to the other two groups (p less than 0.05).
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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16: Acta Otolaryngol. 1989 Sep-Oct; 108(3-4): 168-74.
The anti-motion sickness mechanism of ginger. A comparative study with placebo and dimenhydrinate.
Holtmann S, Clarke AH, Scherer H. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Grosshadern Medical Center , Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Germany .
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A controlled, double-blind study was carried out to determine whether nystagmus response to optokinetic or vestibular stimuli might be altered by some agent contained in powdered ginger root (Zingiber officinale). For comparative purposes, the test subjects were examined after medication with ginger root, placebo and with dimenhydrinate. Eye movements were recorded using standard ENG equipment and evaluation was performed by automatic nystagmus analysis. It could be demonstrated that the effect of ginger root did not differ from that found at baseline, or with placebo, i.e. it had no influence on the experimentally induced nystagmus. Dimenhydrinate, on the other hand, was found to cause a reduction in the nystagmus response to caloric, rotatory and optokinetic stimuli. From the present study it can be concluded that neither the vestibular nor the oculomotor system, both of which are of decisive importance in the occurrence of motion sickness, are influenced by ginger. A CNS mechanism, which is characteristic of the conventional anti-motion sickness drugs, can thus be excluded as regards ginger root. It is more likely that any reduction of motion-sickness symptoms derives from the influence of the ginger root agents on the gastric system.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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17: Acta Otolaryngol. 1988 Jan-Feb; 105(1-2): 45-9.
Ginger root against seasickness. A controlled trial on the open sea.
Grontved A. Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Svendborg Hospital , Denmark .
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In a double-blind randomized placebo trial, the effect of the powdered rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale) was tested on seasickness. Eighty naval cadets, unaccustomed to sailing in heavy seas reported during voyages on the high seas, symptoms of seasickness every hour for 4 consecutive hours after ingestion of 1 g of the drug or placebo. Ginger root reduced the tendency to vomiting and cold sweating significantly better than placebo did (p less than 0.05). With regard to vomiting, a modified Protection Index (PI) = 72% was calculated. Remarkably fewer symptoms of nausea and vertigo were reported after ginger root ingestion , but the difference was not statistically significant. For all symptom categories, PI = 38% was calculated.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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18: ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 1986; 48(5): 282-6.
Vertigo-reducing effect of ginger root. A controlled clinical study.
Grontved A, Hentzer E.
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The effect of powdered ginger root (Zingiber officinale) upon vertigo and nystagmus following caloric stimulation of the vestibular system was studied in 8 healthy volunteers in a double-blind crossover placebo trial. The results reported are based upon 48 vertigo scores and 48 electronystagmograms. Ginger root reduced the induced vertigo significantly better than did placebo . There was no statistically significant action upon the duration or the maximum slow phase velocity of nystagmus.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial |
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