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Revered in Asia since immemorial times and also in medieval Europe, due to its properties as a tasteful spice, in capsule form it is very effective for the control of nausea and dizziness.
This plant has its origin in the South East of Asia and grows in tropical regions of the Eastern and Western hemisphere. It is commercially grown in Africa, China, India and Jamaica; India is the largest producer in the world.
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Press the bottle to see a photo of this plant
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Description:
A perennial plant with underground rhizomes, branched with stems up to a height of 1.5 meters, with lanceolate lineal leaves, 5 - 30 cm long and 8 - 20 mm in width, alternated, flat and smooth, of a light green color. The flowers have a shorter stem than the leaves and there are few flowers. Each flower has a tubular calyx, an orange corolla of a tube divided into 3 lobes. The ginger shows horizontal pieces, plane laterals, with irregular ramifications; 3 - 16 cm long, 3 - 4 cm wide and up to 2 cm thick; sometimes divided longitudinally, its exterior is of a pale yellowish or light grayish-brown, longitudinally grooved, somewhat fibrous. The branches like “digitations”, obliquely grow out of the rhizomes, somewhat flat, short and approximately 1 - 3 cm in length.
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Used parts:
The rhizome (Zingiberis rhizoma) can be used fresh or air-dried, or can be processed by vapor cooking and later drying. |
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| Organoleptic properties:
Smell: characteristically aromatic; Taste: sharp and aromatic; Color: interior, light yellow to yellowish-brown.
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Active Components:
Contains 4 - 7,5% oleoresin with essential oil and sharp substances. The essential oil (1,5 - 3% of the drug) has a variable composition, according to its origin. The principal components are sesquitopens such as a-zingiberen, arcurcumene, $ -bisabolen, $ -bisabolone, (EE)-a-pharnesene and $ -sesquiphelandren, and monotherpenes like camphor, $ -phelendren, geranial, neral and linalol. The sharp substances are gingerols and sogaols. They are non volatile phenilalcanones or phenilalcanonoles with chains of a different length, being the most important ones the (6)-gingerol and the (6) sogaol. The rhizome of ginger contains also diarylheptanoids: diphenylheptenones, diphenylheptanonoles, diphenylheptanodioles and their acetates. Other components are: starch (approximately 50%), ditherpenes, 6-gingesulphonic acid and monoacyl digalactosyl glycerols.
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Pharmacological Action:
1) Antiemetic activity: attributed mainly to a local effect of the gingerols and sogaols on the gastrointestinal tract. In a study with dogs its antiemetic activity has been shown after administrating ginger extracts by an intergastric probe, avoiding the vomiting induced by copper sulphate. However, the vomiting of young pigeons treated with central action emetics, such as apomorphine and digitals could not be inhibited by ginger extracts, which suggests that its antiemetic activity is peripheral and not related with the central nervous system. The antiemetic action of ginger has been ascribed to the combined actions of zingerons and shogaols.
Clinical studies have shown that the oral administration of the powder of ginger roots (940 mg) was more effective than the dimenhydrinate (100 mg) for the prevention of gastrointestinal symptoms of the kinetosis (locomotional dizziness). The results of this study suggest that it does not act on the central nervous system but has a direct effect on the gastrointestinal tract, by means of its aromatic, carmine and absorbent properties, increasing the gastric mobility and absorbing toxins and acids.
In double blind clinical chance studies, the benefits of the powder of ginger roots as a prophylactic treatment of travel sickness have been proved. The results of a study show that the oral administration was statistically superior to placebo, reducing vomiting and cold sweating 4 hours after its consumption. Another study compared the effects of seven antiemetic drugs on the prevention of travel sickness in 1.489 persons. This study concluded that ginger was as effective as the other antiemetic drugs under evaluation.
At least four clinical studies have shown the benefits of ginger roots as a prophylactic treatment of nauseas and vomiting. The studies focused on the gastrointestinal action of ginger, compared with those focused on its effect on the central nervous system have given better replies related to locomotional dizziness.
In a double blind chance study, the administration of 250 mg of ginger powder, four times a day, was effective in the treatment of hyper-emesis. In another prospective double blind chance study there have been shown in a statistically significant form, less cases of nausea and vomiting after an operation in 60 patients who received ginger, compared with placebo. The effects of ginger on post-operation nauseas and vomiting have been reported as good as or even better than the ones of the metochlopramida.
2) Digestive activity: Stimulates the gastric, saliva and bile secretion and of pancreatic lipases. Anti-ulcerous activity through inhibition of the reduction of the layer thickness of the gastrointestinal epithelium. The intraduodenal administration of ginger extracts to rats increased the bile secretion during 3 hours. This activity is caused by the (6)- and (10)-gingerols contained in the essential oil of ginger.
The oral administration of ginger extracts (75 mg/kg), (6)-shogaol (2.5 mg/kg) or (6)-, (8)- or (10)-gingerols, improved the intestinal mobility in mice, activity comparable with or slightly inferior to the one of metochlopramida (10 mg/kg) and domperidona.
3) Anti-inflammatory activity: The gingerols are powerful inhibitors of the metabolism of arachidonic acid by way of cycloxigenase as well as lipoxigenase. One of the mechanisms of inflammation is the increase of the oxygenation of arachidonic acid which is metabolized through the cycloxigenase and the 5-lipoxigenase, producing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B 4, two potent mediators of inflammation. Studies in vitro have shown that ginger extracts inhibit the activities of both enzymes in the arachidonic acid, and therefore its anti-inflammatory effects may be due to the reduction of the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Ginger is also a powerful inhibitor of the thromboxane synthetase and increases the levels of prostacyclines without increasing the prostaglandins E2 or F2a. Studies in vivo have shown that the oral administration of ginger extracts decreases the edema in the pats of rats. The potency of the extracts was comparable with the acetylsalicylic acid. (6)-shogaol inhibited the edema in the pats of rats induced by carragenine inhibiting the activity of the cyclooxigenase.
A study in China reported that 113 patients with rheumatic pain and chronic lumbalgia, who were injected with an extract of 5 - 10% of ginger into the hurting sites, experienced a total or partial relieve of pain, decrease of articular inflammation and an improvement or recovery of the articular function. The oral administration of ginger powder to patients with rheumatism and other musculoskeletal alterations has shown a relieve of pain and inflammation.
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Indications:
Dizziness, nausea and vomiting. At equivalent doses, it is more powerful than Dimenhydrinate for the control of nausea and locomotional dizziness. Prophylaxis for nausea and vomiting of kinetosis (travel sickness) and post-surgical antiemetic in minor surgical interventions. The efficiency of both indications has been confirmed in clinical tests.
Vertigo.
Gastric acidity.
Dyspepsia, flatulence, colic.
Bad breath. |
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Secondary effects :
No adverse effect nor toxicity has been reported. In some persons, the ginger rhizome may cause some stomach burn. |
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Dose:
The dose recommended for adults and children over 6 years is two or three capsules, all taken together or divided into various takings. To prevent kinetosis, the administration should take place some 30 minutes before the start of the voyage. |
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Contraindications:
Ginger may increase the bioavailability of sulphoguanidine, increasing its absorption. Persons under treatment with oral anti-coagulants or plaque anti-aggregates should consult their doctor before administering compositions that contain ginger as they may increase the risk of hemorrhages. In cases of bile calculus the physician should be consulted before the consumption of any drug based on ginger. |
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Effects of Malformation:
In a double blind chance study, 250 mg of ginger powder used four times a day as oral administration to treat pregnancy vomiting, no malformations of the newly born were observed who, at the moment of birth, showed an excellent performance. |
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References
1: Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003 Apr;43(2):139-44.
Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial.
Willetts KE , Ekangaki A , Eden JA . School of Women and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a ginger extract (EV.EXT35) on the symptoms of morning sickness. DESIGN: Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: A tertiary metropolitan teaching hospital, March 1999-November 1999. PARTICIPANTS: The participants included 120 women less than 20 weeks pregnant, who had experienced morning sickness daily for at least a week and had had no relief of symptoms through dietary changes. INTERVENTION: Random allocation of 125 mg ginger extract (EV.EXT35; equivalent to 1.5 g of dried ginger) or placebo given four times per day for 4 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nausea, vomiting and retching as measured by the Rhodes Index of Nausea, Vomiting and Retching. RESULTS: The nausea experience score was significantly less for the ginger extract group relative to the placebo group after the first day of treatment and this difference was present for each treatment day. Retching was also reduced by the ginger extract although to a lesser extent. No significant effect was observed on vomiting. Follow-up of the pregnancies revealed normal ranges of birthweight, gestational age, Apgar scores and frequencies of congenital abnormalities when the study group infants were compared to the general population of infants born at the Royal Hospital for Women for the year 1999-2000. CONCLUSION: Ginger can be considered as a useful treatment option for women suffering from morning sickness.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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2: Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr;103(4):639-45.
A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.
Smith C , Crowther C , Willson K . Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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OBJECTIVES: To estimate whether the use of ginger to treat nausea or vomiting in pregnancy is equivalent to pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6). METHODS: A randomized, controlled equivalence trial involving 291 women less than 16 weeks pregnant was undertaken at a teaching hospital in Australia. Women took 1.05 g of ginger or 75 mg of vitamin B6 daily for 3 weeks. Differences from baseline in nausea and vomiting scores were estimated for both groups at days 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS: Ginger was equivalent to vitamin B6 in reducing nausea (mean difference 0.2, 90% confidence interval [CI] -0.3, 0.8), retching (mean difference 0.3; 90% CI -0.0, 0.6) and vomiting (mean difference 0.5; 90% CI 0.0, 0.9), averaged over time, with no evidence of different effects at the 3 time points. CONCLUSION: For women looking for relief from their nausea, dry retching, and vomiting, the use of ginger in early pregnancy will reduce their symptoms to an equivalent extent as vitamin B6 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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3: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 Sep; 86(9): 846-53.
A randomized comparison of ginger and vitamin B6 in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Sripramote M, Lekhyananda N. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Medical College , Vajira Hospital , Thailand .
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of ginger to vitamin B6 in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. SETTING: The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Medical College and Vajira Hospital . SUBJECTS: Women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy at or before 16 weeks of gestation, who attended the antenatal care clinic. The subjects requested anti-emetics, had no medical complications, non-hospitalized and were able to attend a one week follow-up visit. From November, 1999 to November 2000, 138 women participated and gave consent for the study. METHOD: The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups to take either 500 mg of ginger orally or an identical 10 mg of vitamin B6 one capsule three times daily for three days. Subjects graded the severity of their nausea using visual analogue scales before treatment and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours and again during three consecutive days of treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The change of nausea scores and the number of vomiting episodes during three days of treatment. RESULTS: The 64 subjects in each group remained in the study. The demographic data were comparable in both groups. The ginger and vitamin B6 significantly reduced the nausea scores from 5.0 (SD, 1.99) to 3.6 (SD, 2.48) and 5.3 (SD, 2.08) to 3.3 (SD, 2.07) respectively, with p < 0.001. The mean score change after treatment with ginger was 1.4 (2.21), less than with vitamin B6, which was 2.0 (2.19) but with no statistically significant difference (95% CI -1.4 to 0.2, p = 0.136). The ginger and vitamin B6 also significantly reduced the number of vomiting episodes from 1.9 (2.06) to 1.2 (1.75) and 1.7 (1.81) to 1.2 (1.50) respectively, with p < 0.01. The mean number change after treatment with ginger was 0.7 (2.18), more than with vitamin B6, which was 0.5 (1.44) but with no statistically significant difference, (p = 0.498). There were some minor side effects in both groups such as sedation (26.6% vs 32.8%, p = 0.439), and heartburn (9.4% vs 6.3%, p = 0.510), a non-significant difference. CONCLUSION: The nausea score and the number of vomiting episodes were significantly reduced following ginger and vitamin B6 therapy. Comparing the efficacy, there was no significant difference between ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
4: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 Mar; 86(3): 244-50.
The efficacy of ginger in prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynecological laparoscopy.
Pongrojpaw D, Chiamchanya C. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University , Pathum Thani , Thailand .
OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of ginger in prevention of nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynecological laparoscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Double blind randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thammasat Hospital , Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University . MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January, 2001-December, 2001, 80 patients who underwent outpatient gynecological laparoscopy were randomly allocated into group A (n = 40) and group B (n = 40). The patients in group A received 2 capsules of ginger (1 capsule contain 0.5 g of ginger powder) 1 h before the procedure while the patients in group B received the placebo. The visual analogue nausea scores (VANS) and vomiting times were evaluated at 2, 4 and 24 hours after operation. RESULT: There was a significant difference in the incidence of the nausea between group A [12 (30%)] and group B [23 (57.50%)]. The VANS was lower in group A than in group B at 2 and 4 hours (p < 0.05). No difference of VANS at 24 hours was found in both groups. Incidence and frequency of vomiting in group A were lower than group B but there were not statistically different. CONCLUSION: From our data, ginger is effective in prevention of nausea after outpatient gynecological laparoscopy .
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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5: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 Mar; 284(3): G481-9.
Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection.
Lien HC, Sun WM, Chen YH, Kim H, Hasler W, Owyang C.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology Taichung Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ginger has long been used as an alternative medication to prevent motion sickness. The mechanism of its action, however, is unknown. We hypothesize that ginger ameliorates the nausea associated with motion sickness by preventing the development of gastric dysrhythmias and the elevation of plasma vasopressin. Thirteen volunteers with a history of motion sickness underwent circular vection, during which nausea (scored 0-3, i.e., none to severe), electrogastrographic recordings, and plasma vasopressin levels were assessed with or without ginger pretreatment in a crossover-design, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Circular vection induced a maximal nausea score of 2.5 +/- 0.2 and increased tachygastric activity and plasma vasopressin. Pretreatment with ginger (1,000 and 2,000 mg) reduced the nausea, tachygastria, and plasma vasopressin. Ginger also prolonged the latency before nausea onset and shortened the recovery time after vection cessation . Intravenous vasopressin infusion at 0.1 and 0.2 U/min induced nausea and increased bradygastric activity; ginger pretreatment (2,000 mg) affected neither. Ginger effectively reduces nausea, tachygastric activity, and vasopressin release induced by circular vection. In this manner, ginger may act as a novel agent in the prevention and treatment of motion sickness.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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6: Altern Ther Health Med. 2002 Sep-Oct; 8(5): 89-91.
Ginger syrup as an antiemetic in early pregnancy.
Keating A, Chez RA. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida , Tampa , USA .
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CONTEXT: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used to ameliorate symptoms of nausea. A beverage containing ginger in a syrup may be easier to consume than a capsule or solid food. OBJECTIVE: To determine if ginger syrup mixed in water is an effective remedy for the relief of nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy. DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Subjects were enrolled from the University of South Florida department of obstetrics and gynecology private practice office. PATIENTS: 26 subjects in the first trimester of pregnancy. INTERVENTION: Subjects ingested 1 tablespoon of commercially prepared study syrup (or placebo) in 4 to 8 ounces of hot or cold water 4 times daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Duration and severity of nausea and vomiting over a 2-week period measured on a 10-point scale. RESULTS: After 9 days, 10 of the 13 (77%) subjects receiving ginger had at least a 4-point improvement on the nausea scale. Only 2 of the 10 (20%) remaining subjects in the placebo group had the same improvement. Conversely, no woman in the ginger group, but 7 (70%) of the women in the placebo group, had a 2-point or less improvement on the nausea scale. Eight of the 12 (67%) women in the ginger group who were vomiting daily at the beginning of the treatment stopped vomiting by day 6. Only 2 of the 10 (20%) women in the placebo group who were vomiting stopped by day 6. CONCLUSION: The ingestion of 1 g of ginger in syrup in a divided dose daily may be useful in some patients experiencing nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy .
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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7: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Nov; 44(11): 2531-8.
Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis.
Altman RD , Marcussen KC. Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Miami , Florida , USA .
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a standardized and highly concentrated extract of 2 ginger species, Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga (EV.EXT 77), in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-one patients with OA of the knee and moderate-to-severe pain were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group, 6-week study. After washout, patients received ginger extract or placebo twice daily, with acetaminophen allowed as rescue medication. The primary efficacy variable was the proportion of responders experiencing a reduction in "knee pain on standing," using an intent-to-treat analysis. A responder was defined by a reduction in pain of > or = 15 mm on a visual analog scale. RESULTS: In the 247 evaluable patients, the percentage of responders experiencing a reduction in knee pain on standing was superior in the ginger extract group compared with the control group (63% versus 50%; P = 0.048). Analysis of the secondary efficacy variables revealed a consistently greater response in the ginger extract group compared with the control group, when analyzing mean values: reduction in knee pain on standing ( 24.5 mm versus 16.4 mm ; P = 0.005), reduction in knee pain after walking 50 feet ( 15.1 mm versus 8.7 mm ; P = 0.016), and reduction in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis composite index ( 12.9 mm versus 9.0 mm ; P = 0.087). Change in global status and reduction in intake of rescue medication were numerically greater in the ginger extract group. Change in quality of life was equal in the 2 groups. Patients receiving ginger extract experienced more gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events than did the placebo group (59 patients versus 21 patients). GI adverse events were mostly mild. CONCLUSION: A highly purified and standardized ginger extract had a statistically significant effect on reducing symptoms of OA of the knee. This effect was moderate. There was a good safety profile, with mostly mild GI adverse events in the ginger extract group.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Multicenter Study
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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8: Indian J Med Sci. 2001 Feb; 55(2): 83-6.
Ginger, fat and fibrinolysis.
Verma SK , Bordia A. Department of Medicine and Indigenous Drug Research Centre, R.N.T. Medical College , Udaipur , India .
Administration of 50 gm of fat to 30 healthy adult volunteers decreased fibrinolytic activity from a mean of 64.20 +/- 5.31 to 52.10 +/- 3.20 units (P < 0.001). Supplementation of 5 gm of ginger powder with fatty meal not only prevented the fall in fibrinolytic activity but actually increased it significantly (P < 0.001). This fibrinolytic enhancing property is a further addition to the therapeutic potential of ginger.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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9: Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Apr; 97(4): 577-82.
Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial.
Vutyavanich T, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri R. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. METHODS: Women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, who first attended an antenatal clinic at or before 17 weeks' gestation, were invited to participate in the study. During a 5-month period, 70 eligible women gave consent and were randomized in a double-masked design to receive either oral ginger 1 g per day or an identical placebo for 4 days. Subjects graded the severity of their nausea using visual analog scales and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours before treatment, and again during 4 consecutive days while taking treatment. At a follow-up visit 7 days later, five-item Likert scales were used to assess the severity of their symptoms. RESULTS: All participants except three in the placebo group remained in the study. The visual analog scores of posttherapy minus baseline nausea decreased significantly in the ginger group (2.1 +/- 1.9) compared with the placebo group (0.9 +/- 2.2, P =.014). The number of vomiting episodes also decreased significantly in the ginger group (1.4 +/- 1.3) compared with the placebo group (0.3 +/- 1.1, P <.001). Likert scales showed that 28 of 32 in the ginger group had improvement in nausea symptoms compared with 10 of 35 in the placebo group (P <.001). No adverse effect of ginger on pregnancy outcome was detected. CONCLUSION: Ginger is effective for relieving the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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10: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000 Jan; 8(1): 9-12.
A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of ginger extracts and ibuprofen in osteoarthritis.
Bliddal H, Rosetzsky A, Schlichting P. Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Frederiksberg Hospital , Copenhagen F, DK, Denmark .
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OBJECTIVE: Alternative medicine is used extensively by patients with chronic pain due to e.g., osteoarthritis. Only few of these drugs have be tested in a controlled setting and the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ginger extract, one of the most popular herbal medications. DESIGN: Ginger extract was compared to placebo and Ibuprofen in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee in a controlled, double blind, double dummy, cross-over study with a wash-out period of one week followed by three treatment periods in a randomized sequence, each of three weeks duration. Acetaminophen was used as rescue medication throughout the study. The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (European Guideline for GCP). RESULTS: A ranking of efficacy of the three treatment periods: Ibuprofen>ginger extract>placebo was found for visual analogue scale of pain (Friedman test: 24.65, P< 0.00001) and the Lequesne-index (Friedman test: 20.76, P< 0.00005). In the cross-over study, no significant difference between placebo and ginger extract could be demonstrated (Siegel-Castellan test), while explorative tests of differences in the first treatment period showed a better effect of both Ibuprofen and ginger extract than placebo (Chi-square, P< 0.05). There were no serious adverse events reported during the periods with active medications. CONCLUSION: In the present study a statistically significant effect of ginger extract could only be demonstrated by explorative statistical methods in the first period of treatment before cross-over, while a significant difference was not observed in the study as a whole.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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11: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Jul; 37(7): 341-6.
Effects of ginger on gastroduodenal motility.
Micklefield GH, Redeker Y, Meister V. Department of Internal Medicine, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Klinikum, Wuppertal , Germany .
The effect of a ginger rhizome extract (2 x 100 mg) was studied on fasting and postprandial gastroduodenal motility with stationary manometry in 12 healthy volunteers. The results showed that: the interdigestive antral motility was significantly increased by ginger during phase III of the migrating motor complex; the volunteers also had a significantly increased motor response to a test meal in the corpus; a trend to an increased motor response during ginger treatment was seen in all other regions of interest. Oral ginger improves gastroduodenal motility in the fasting state and after a standard test meal .
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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12: Dermatol Nurs. 1995 Aug; 7(4): 242-4.
Zingiber officinale (ginger) used to prevent 8-Mop associated nausea.
Meyer K, Schwartz J, Crater D, Keyes B.
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Patients undergoing photopheresis are required to ingest the drug 8-MOP as part of their treatment. This drug causes nausea as a side effect. Ginger taken prior to 8-MOP may substantially reduce this side effect . This study compared patients' nausea when taking 8-MOP with and without ginger.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Controlled Clinical Trial
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13: Anaesthesia. 1993 Aug; 48(8): 715-7.
Zingiber officinale (ginger)--an antiemetic for day case surgery.
Phillips S, Ruggier R, Hutchinson SE. Department of Anaesthetics, Kingston Hospital , Kingston upon Thames, Surrey .
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The effect of powdered ginger root was compared with metoclopramide and placebo. In a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was measured in 120 women presenting for elective laparoscopic gynaecological surgery on a day stay basis. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was similar in patients given metoclopramide and ginger (27% and 21%) and less than in those who received placebo (41%). The requirement for postoperative antiemetics was lower in those patients receiving ginger. The requirements for postoperative analgesia, recovery time and time until discharge were the same in all groups. There was no difference in the incidence of possible side effects such as sedation, abnormal movement, itch and visual disturbance between the three groups. Zingiber officinale is an effective and promising prophylactic antiemetic, which may be especially useful for day case surgery.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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14: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1991 Jan 4; 38(1): 19-24.
Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum.
Fischer-Rasmussen W, Kjaer SK, Dahl C. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Thirty women participated in a double-blind randomized cross-over trial of the efficacy of a natural product, the powdered root of ginger (Zingiber officinale), and placebo in hyperemesis gravidarum. Three patients had to be withdrawn. Each woman swallowed capsules containing either 250 mg ginger or lactose q.i.d. during the first 4 days of the treatment period. Interrupted by a 2 days wash-out period the alternative medication was given in the second 4-day period. The severity and relief of symptoms before and after each period were evaluated by two scoring systems. The scores were used for statistical analyses of possible differences. Subjectively assessed, 19 women (70.4%) stated preference to the period in which ginger, as was later disclosed, had been given (P = 0.003). More objectively assessed by relief scores a significantly greater relief of the symptoms was found after ginger treatment compared to placebo (P = 0.035). No side effects were observed. The possible mutagenic and antimutagenic characters of ginger reported in a study of E. coli have not been evaluated with respect to any significance in humans. Powdered root of ginger in daily doses of 1 g during 4 days was better than placebo in diminishing or eliminating the symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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15: Anaesthesia. 1990 Aug; 45(8): 669-71.
Ginger root--a new antiemetic. The effect of ginger root on postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery.
Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR, McNeil J, Charlton S.
Department of Anaesthesia, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London .
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The effectiveness of ginger (Zingiber officinale) as an antiemetic agent was compared with placebo and metoclopramide in 60 women who had major gynaecological surgery in a double-blind, randomised study. There were statistically significantly fewer recorded incidences of nausea in the group that received ginger root compared with placebo (p less than 0.05). The number of incidences of nausea in the groups that received either ginger root or metoclopramide were similar. The administration of antiemetic after operation was significantly greater in the placebo group compared to the other two groups (p less than 0.05).
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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16: Acta Otolaryngol. 1989 Sep-Oct; 108(3-4): 168-74.
The anti-motion sickness mechanism of ginger. A comparative study with placebo and dimenhydrinate.
Holtmann S, Clarke AH, Scherer H. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Grosshadern Medical Center , Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Germany .
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A controlled, double-blind study was carried out to determine whether nystagmus response to optokinetic or vestibular stimuli might be altered by some agent contained in powdered ginger root (Zingiber officinale). For comparative purposes, the test subjects were examined after medication with ginger root, placebo and with dimenhydrinate. Eye movements were recorded using standard ENG equipment and evaluation was performed by automatic nystagmus analysis. It could be demonstrated that the effect of ginger root did not differ from that found at baseline, or with placebo, i.e. it had no influence on the experimentally induced nystagmus. Dimenhydrinate, on the other hand, was found to cause a reduction in the nystagmus response to caloric, rotatory and optokinetic stimuli. From the present study it can be concluded that neither the vestibular nor the oculomotor system, both of which are of decisive importance in the occurrence of motion sickness, are influenced by ginger. A CNS mechanism, which is characteristic of the conventional anti-motion sickness drugs, can thus be excluded as regards ginger root. It is more likely that any reduction of motion-sickness symptoms derives from the influence of the ginger root agents on the gastric system.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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17: Acta Otolaryngol. 1988 Jan-Feb; 105(1-2): 45-9.
Ginger root against seasickness. A controlled trial on the open sea.
Grontved A. Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Svendborg Hospital , Denmark .
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In a double-blind randomized placebo trial, the effect of the powdered rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale) was tested on seasickness. Eighty naval cadets, unaccustomed to sailing in heavy seas reported during voyages on the high seas, symptoms of seasickness every hour for 4 consecutive hours after ingestion of 1 g of the drug or placebo. Ginger root reduced the tendency to vomiting and cold sweating significantly better than placebo did (p less than 0.05). With regard to vomiting, a modified Protection Index (PI) = 72% was calculated. Remarkably fewer symptoms of nausea and vertigo were reported after ginger root ingestion , but the difference was not statistically significant. For all symptom categories, PI = 38% was calculated.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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18: ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 1986; 48(5): 282-6.
Vertigo-reducing effect of ginger root. A controlled clinical study.
Grontved A, Hentzer E.
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The effect of powdered ginger root (Zingiber officinale) upon vertigo and nystagmus following caloric stimulation of the vestibular system was studied in 8 healthy volunteers in a double-blind crossover placebo trial. The results reported are based upon 48 vertigo scores and 48 electronystagmograms. Ginger root reduced the induced vertigo significantly better than did placebo . There was no statistically significant action upon the duration or the maximum slow phase velocity of nystagmus.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial
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