Some centuries ago, in a remote and inaccessible mountainous region in Southern Siberia, primitive medicine men discovered a root which increased longevity and energy and which they called “Maral Root”, due to that a variety of local deer, the Maral, dug out and ate these roots during the mating season when the males fought among themselves for the females in heat and to recover their spent energies. The medicine men applied the roots against exhaustion, to counteract weakness and to reestablish sexual functions. However, only a few persons knew the sites where the plant grew and this knowledge has been transferred from one generation to the next. |
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In 1942, during the Second World War, Russia needed medicines for the healing of wounds and to restore the energies lost by her soldiers and sent scientific expeditions to Siberia, where there were rumors about the existence of plants with a healing potential. These expeditions found the Maral root (Leuzea Carthamoides, also called Rhaponticum Carthamoides) in the mountainous forests and plains within a limited territory of the remote regions of Altay, Kusnetzki Ala-Tau and Sayani. They made known the detailed botanical description of the plant and sent the first bundles of the Leuzea roots to various investigation centers of the Soviet Union to be scientifically studied.
After extensive secret studies, the Soviet armed forces included the Leuzea extracts in their array of medicines for the battle field with a view to shortening the reaction time of the soldiers under battle stress.
After the war the investigations continued and in 1965 the principal active component of the plant, ecdisterone; was extracted. The Leuzea extract became the favorite of the Kremlin politicians and was used in Soviet space programs. Due to the military application of these investigations, most of their results were considered military secrets and were not published in scientific papers.
Some years later, a selected group of physicians and biochemists of the Anti-Doping Center of the Russian Olympic Committee discovered that the Leuzea Carthamoides considerably increased the proteic synthesis. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the opening of the Soviet medicine to the rest of the world, the knowledge of the properties of this plant became international scientific property. In 1995, after numerous tests with Russian athletes, the extract of Leuzea became the official adaptogene of the Soviet Olympic team.
Since 1984, Leuzea Carthamoides is included in the Russian Pharmacopea and forms part of the Soviet pharmaceutical array. Due to its limited area of distribution and the difficulties for its cultivation and regeneration, this plant is considered a species of rare plants in danger of extinction and the Russian government has limited its exportation abroad. |
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Active Components
The roots of Leuzea Carthamoides contain a variety of physiologically active components. They are particularly rich in flavonoids (kaempferol) and lignanes of strong antioxidant potency and stimulants in general. They also contain organic acids that affect specific metabolical processes like, for example, tartaric acid which reduces the conversion of carbohydrates in fats.
Pharmacological and biochemical tests have shown that 3 steroid components, isolated by chromatography, were the most active stimulants. Two of those components have been identified with the help of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. These components are ecdisterone, inocosterone and dehydroamarasterone B. These substances belong to the category of steroids, polyhydroxilates of the ecdisone group and are responsible for the anabolic activity of the plant. |
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Although the individual components of Leuzea show a heavy pharmacological activity, various studies have demonstrated that the use of all the components of the plant offer a synergistic effect which is higher than the sum of its individual compounds. |
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Properties of Lauzea Carthamoides:
. Induces the Proteic Synthesis
Has anabolic activity, activating the proteic synthesis, especially in muscular tissues and therefore increases muscular mass. Furthermore, stimulates the synthesis of ARN (ribonucleic acid) in hepatic cells. The proteic synthesis is particularly important during stress periods like, for example, surgical operations, but also during the catabolic phases of life like aging. The ecdisterone activates the anabolism, delays the proteic catabolism and may detain it partially.
. Activates the Synthesis of Biochemical Catalysts
- Enzymes that participate in the processes of cellular energy generation: dehydrogenated glucose, acid phosphates, decarboxilated gluterate, dehydrogenated melato, dehydrogenated succinate.
- An enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gama-amino-butyric acid (GABA), a cerebral inhibitory neurotransmitter: the decarboxylated glutamate.
- An enzyme which participates in the tyrosine and adrenaline metabolism.
- An enzyme which participates in the regulation of the nervous impulses in the cholinergic system: cerebral acetilcolin-sterase.
. Antioxidant
The ecdisterone, lignanes and flavonoids of Leuzea offer a protective effect against the toxins that damages the chromatin of the cellular nucleus as a result of the reactions of free radicals in hepatic cells. Therefore contributes to the elimination of free radicals. Furthermore, induces the catalase synthesis which intervenes in the elimination of peroxide of hydrogen which is produced excessively as the result of oxidative stress.
. Antianaemia
Stimulates the synthesis of haemoglobin and erythropoiesis, achieving a fast erythocytical regeneration
. Improves the Muscular and Cerebral Blood Circulation
before, during, and after physical efforts and during stress reactions.
. Fortifies the Immune System
Increases the unspecific stress resistance, improving the unspecific cellular and mood immunity. Therefore contributes to the prevention of flue and other common viral infections.
. Prevents the Development of Hypoglycemia during Stress Periods
. Regulates the Adreno-Corticotropic Axis
When the suprarenal hormonal secretion is reduced, due to a chronic overstimulation by stress of a large evolution time, as occurs in conditions of exhaustion, the insufficiency of these hormones may be balanced by ecdistrone. This active component is not e steroid, it is a phytohormone which can be qualified as a steroid precursor. The organism does neither prefer nor recognize this precursor if its endogenic hormones are present, but in the case of reduction or absence can use it in similar form. For example, during extreme physical exercises the testosterone levels decrease significantly. The ecdisterone converts itself in an effective substitute, offering an anabolic activity similar to the one of testosterone, improving the capacity of adaptation to stress.
. Improves the Myocardic Contraction and reduces Arrhythmias
. Increases the Resistance to Lack of Oxygenation
. Nervous System
Contributes to the improvement of sleep disorders, depression, asthenia, mental efficiency, reduces tiredness improving the mental concentration and the neurological reaction time, and at the same time restores he capacity of mental work.
. Reproductive System
In men, increases the testosterone level, the viability and mobility of sperms and the sexual interest. In women, it contributes to avoid the amenorrhea caused by stress of athletic training.
The action mechanism of ecdisterone is probably similar to the one of human steroid hormones, without their side effects.
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Systemic Medicine and Leuzea Carthamoides |
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Dosage:
An intake of 400 to 600 mg per day is recommended (at breakfast) during a prolonged period, particularly if the conditions of health are not satisfactory or the patient is under physical or emotional stress influence . It is recommended to use it continuously during at least one month before and after hospitalization or any surgical intervention. Results will be noted after 1 to 2 weeks of continuous use.
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Contraindications:
• Hypersensibility to some of its components.
• Uncontrolled arterial hypertension or severe cardiovascular sickness.
• Should not be taken during pregnancy or if this is being suspected.
• Should not be administrated to children.
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| Adverse Reactions:
One of the most important aspects of Leuzea is the total absence of toxity, including during prolonged periods. Considering that thousands of persons have used this formula, the absence of gastrointestinal annoyances, diarrhea or allergical reactions is surprising.
Using it during long periods has not shown any adverse secondary effect. Despite its anabolic effect it does not interfere in the balance of androgens and does not cause any signs of androgenization which is observed with synthetic anabolics.
Any toxity due to overdoses of Leuzema are practically unknown. Arterial tension, hematic or hepatic parameters are not modified by its use.
Some persons may experience signs of insomnia in which case the dose could be reduced.
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References 1: Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2003 Nov;23(11):1219-21.
[Protective effect of ecdysterone against sodium arsenite-induced endothelial cell apoptosis]
Wu X, Wang WJ. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital , First Military Medical University , Guangzhou 510515, China .
OBJECTIVE: To study whether ecdysterone (EDS) inhibits apoptosis of endothelial cells. METHODS: In the model of sodium arsenite (Ars)-induced endothelial cell apoptosis, the effect of EDS at varied dosages (50, 200, 800 mg/L) on cell apoptosis was observed by measuring the number of apoptotic endothelial cells, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the oxidative state (OS). RESULTS: Ars at the dosages of 40, 80, 160 mmol/L was capable of causing an increase in the number of apoptotic endothelial cells in vitro, and 160 mmol/L Ars exhibited the strongest effect. EDS was shown to exert influence on the apoptosis-inducing effect of Ars, which decreased the apoptotic cell number at the dosage of 50 and 200 mg/L, but a contrary effect occurred while at the dosage of 800 mg/L. Meanwhile EDS (50, 200 mg/L) inhibited the increase of ICAM-1 expression in the endothelial cells in response to Ars, but failed to significantly elevate the low OS induced by Ars (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Ars induces endothelial cell apoptosis dose-dependently, and in a similar manner, EDS produces influence on the apoptosis-inducing action of Ars. EDS (50, 200 mg/L) may decrease the apoptotic endothelial cell number and lower the Ars-induced increase of ICAM-1 expression, demonstrating its protective effect on the endothelial cells against apoptosis. |
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2: Fitoterapia. 2003 Apr;74(3):288-90.
Antifungal activity of a thiophene polyine from Leuzea carthamoides.
Chobot V, Buchta V, Jahodarova H. Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Charles University , Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic .
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| The thiophene polyine (E)-2-[5-(hept-5-en-1,3-diynyl)-thien-2-yl]-ethan-1,2-diol was isolated from an ethanolic extract of underground parts of Leuzea carthamoides. The thiophene polyine demonstrated significant antifungal activity against all tested species. |
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3: J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Sep;82(1):51-3.
Screening of some Siberian medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity.
Kokoska L, Polesny Z, Rada V. Department of Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Czech University of Agriculture, Kamycka 129, Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic. |
| The antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic extracts of 16 Siberian medicinal plants was tested against five species of microorganisms: Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Of the 16 plants tested, 12 showed antimicrobial activity against one or more species of microorganisms. The most active antimicrobial plants were Bergenia crassifolia, Chelidonium majus, Rhaponticum carthamoides , Sanguisorba officinalis, and Tussilago farfara. |
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4: Med Parazitol (Mosk). 2002 Jan-Mar;(1):29-33.
[Ecdysten in the treatment of giardiasis]
Osipova SO, Islamova ZhI, Syrov VN, Badalova NS , Khushbaktova ZA.
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The drug ecdisten as tablets is the natural compound ecdisteron was extracted from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Jljin. Ecdisten was tested in the treatment of 32 and 3 patients with persistent and acute giardiasis, respectively. A ten-day course of ecdisten, 5 mg 3 or 4 times a day, resulted in a clinical and parasitological recovery in 22 (68.7%) and 3 patients, respectively. After the reuse of a ecdisten course in 4 patients with persistent giardiasis wherein its initial dose was increased, recovery was achieved in 3 cases, the efficacy of the agent was 78.1%. Ecdisten should be used to treat giardiasis, in its chronic pattern or resistance to conventional giardicial agents .
Publication Types:
• Case Reports
• Clinical Trial |
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5: Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2001 Nov-Dec;64(6):45-7.
[Effect of Rhaponticum carthamoides extract on hemorheological properties of blood in rats with arterial hypertension]
Plotnikov MB , Aliev OI, Vasil'ev AS . Laboratory of Circulatory, Tomsk Institute of Pharmacology, Tomsk Scientific Center, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia. |
| The hemorheological activity of a dry extract from Rhaponticum (Leuzea) carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin. was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). A 14-day treatment of the test rats with a daily dose of 150 mg/kg improved the rheological characteristics, as manifested by a reduced viscosity of the whole blood and plasma, increased spontaneous erythrocyte aggregation and fibrinogen concentration, and increased erythrocyte deformability and electrophoretic mobility against the untreated control level. |
6: Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2001 Feb;17(1):39-41.
[The effects of ecdysterone on the apoptosis and necrosis of cultured HUVEC induced by endotoxin]
Shi F, Zhang J, Zhang M. Institute of Burn Research, Southwestern Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing P.R. China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effects of ecdysterone (EDS) on the apoptosis and necrosis of cultured HUVEC induced by endotoxin. METHODS: HUVEC was cultured in vitro. Apoptosis and necrosis of HUVEC were induced by LPS, and EDS was added in test specimen. Apoptosis was determined by means of flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS: There was relatively less number of apoptosis and necrosis of in vitro cultured normal HUVEC than that after LPS stimulation, whereas apoptosis dominated over necrosis. After EDS was added to the culture of HUVEC, cell apoptosis and necrosis decreased simultaneously. CONCLUSION: EDS might exert protective effects on cultured HUVEC against apoptosis and necrosis induced by LPS. |
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7: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2001;15(19):1796-801.
Study of excretion of ecdysterone in human urine.
Tsits impikou C, Tsamis GD, Siskos PA. Doping Control Laboratory of Athens , Olympic Athletic Center of Athens , Maroussi, Greee.
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| A study of excretion in human urine of ecdysterone, which is the active component of several over-the-counter supplements such as "Ecdysten", reportedly used by athletes, is presented. The study was performed after oral administration of 20 mg of ecdysterone. The collected urine samples were prepared using the standard screening extraction procedure for the free and conjugated fraction of anabolic steroids, and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) and also with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Two ecdysterone metabolites were identified and detected along with unchanged ecdysterone. Accurate mass measurements were made for diagnostic ions, including the molecular ion of the main metabolite of ecdysterone, deoxyecdysone , which, to our knowledge, has not previously been reported in the literature. These accurate mass measurements support the proposed fragmentation scheme. |
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8: Phytother Res. 1999 Jun;13(4):275-91.
Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine.
Rege NN, Thatte UM, Dahanukar SA. Ayurveda Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth GS Medical College, Mumbai , India . |
Plants from all over the world such as Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Raponticum carthamoides , Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum have been extensively evaluated for their adaptogenic potential. However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an adaptogen in the clinic. This paper discusses some of the problems in evaluation of adaptogens which have precluded their inclusion as clinically useful drugs. We further discuss our results with six rasayana plants from Ayurveda, which were studied for their adaptogenic potential. The whole, aqueous, standardized extracts of selected plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Piper longum and Terminalia chebula) were administered orally to experimental animals, in a dose extrapolated from the human dose, following which they were exposed to a variety of biological, physical and chemical stressors. These plants were found to offer protection against these stressors , as judged by using markers of stress responses and objective parameters for stress manifestations. Using a model of cisplatin induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility, the ability of these plants to exert a normalizing effect, irrespective of direction of pathological change was tested. All the plants reversed the effects of cisplatin on gastric emptying , while Tinospora cordifolia and Asparagus racemosus also normalized cisplatin induced intestinal hypermotility. Tinospora cordifolia was also tested for its ability to modulate the changes occurring in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages after exposure of rats to either carbon tetrachloride or horse serum. It was found to normalize the phagocytic function irrespective to the direction of change, complying to the definition of an adaptogen. All the plant drugs were found to be safe in both acute and subacute toxicity studies. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the plants revealed that they all produced immunostimulation. The protection offered by Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced gastric mucosal damage was lost if macrophage activity was blocked. Emblica officinalis strengthened the defence mechanisms against free radical damage induced during stress. The effect of Emblica officinalis appeared to depend on the ability of target tissues to synthesize prostaglandins. Recent data obtained with Tinospora cordifolia suggest that it may induce genotypic adaptation, further opening the arena for more research and experimentation.
Publication Types:
• Review
• Review, Tutorial |
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9: Eksp Klin Farmakol. 1998 Nov-Dec;61(6):31-5.
[The search for new anti-ulcer agents from plants in Siberia and the Far East ]
Amosova EN, Zueva EP, Razina TG. Institute of Pharmacology , Tomsk Research Center , Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia . |
| Screening tests on mice with the use of a model of neurogenic damage to the stomach revealed antiulcerative activity in extracts of Amoor cork tree, Pacific Bergenia, Lespedeza dichromatic, Leuzea carthamoides , sea-buckthorn, common aspen, Manchurian nuts, Serratula coronarius, and Scutellaria baicalensis. It was proved that an extract of aspen cork produces a marked antiulcerative effect on being administered to animals with "acute" ulcers and in treatment of chronic peptic ulcer. The study of various drug forms of Serratula coronarius extracts (prepared from the bark and the bark and shoots) in experiments on mice (neurogenic ulcer) and rats (Aspirin ulcer) revealed the most marked gastroprotective effect of oil extracts of bark and shoots. A high antiulcerogenic activity of extracts prepared from grass and roots of Scutellaria baicalensis was demonstrated. |
10: Ceska Slov Farm. 1997 Dec;46(6):247-55.
[Phytotherapeutic aspects of diseases of the circulatory system. 6. Leuzea carthamoides (WILLD.) DC: the status of research and possible use of the taxon]
Opletal L, Sovova M, Dittrich M. Farmaceuticka fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Hradec Kralove .
Leuzea carthamoides (WILLD.) DC., Asteraceae, has become an important taxon usable in human practice and animal production in recent years. Originally an endemic plant of southern Siberia , now it is widely grown not only in the Union of Independent States, once the original region of introduction, but also in central and eastern Europe. The principal constituents of the whole plant are ecdysteroids (5 beta-cholest-6-on-7-ene derivatives) and flavonoids. In addition, the aerial part contains sesquiterpenic lactones of the guajanolide type, and the roots contain polyines (on the thiophene base). The present paper comprehensively discusses the occurrence, content and biological activity of these substances, the preparations manufactured from the plant, their use in therapeutic practice, food manufacture and animal production in the world and the Czech Republic . The plant has certainly become a taxon with prospects in the Czech Republic , particularly as the source of 20-hydroxyecdysone, which is getting into the limelight in the world.
Publication Types:
• Review
• Review, Tutorial |
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11: Eksp Klin Farmakol. 1997 May-Jun;60(3):41-4.
[The results of experimental study of phytoecdysteroids as erythropoiesis stimulators in laboratory animals]
Syrov VN, Nasyrova SS, Khushbaktova ZA. |
| Phytoecdysteroids alpha-ecdysone, 2-desoxyecdysterone, ecdysterone, sileneoside A, and turkesterone isolated from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) IIjin, Silene brahuica Boiss and Ajuga turkestanica (Rgl.) Repeated administration of brig increased the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood of intact rats. The most active of them--ecdysterone , sileneoside A, and, particularly turkesterone, cause also a marked effect on red blood regeneration in hemotoxic phenylhydrazine anemia. In its capacity for simulating erythropoiesis turkesterone resembles the well-known steroidal anabolic drug nerobol. |
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12: Experientia (Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS). 1996 Jul 15;52(7):702-6.
Insect hormones in vertebrates: anabolic effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone in Japanese quail.
Slama K, Koudela K, Tenora J. Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic. |
| Ecdysteroids are hormones controlling cell proliferation, growth and the developmental cycles of insects and other invertebrates. They are occasionally present in various unrelated plants for no apparent reason; no phytohormonal function has yet been identified. In certain cases, ecdysteroids are accumulated to high levels in leaves, roots or seeds. Some ecdysteroid-containing plants have been known as medicinal plants for centuries. One of them, Leuzea carthamoides Iljin (Asteraceae), growing in Central Asia , contains 0.4% ecdysteroid in dry roots and 2% in seeds. A pharmacological preparation from this plant, "Ecdisten', is already available as a commercial preparation for its anabolic, tonic and other effects, for medical use (review). It remained problematic, however, whether ecdysteroids were truly responsible for these effects, because Leuzea contains a number of other biologically active compounds in addition to ecdysteroids. We extracted and purified ecdysteroids from the seeds of Leuzea. With 6 g of 96% 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), we made a large-scale feeding assay with Japanese quail to find out whether ecdysteroid alone could duplicate the anabolic effects of the seeds. We found that the 96% ecdysteroid increased the mass of the developing quails in a dose-dependent manner, with the rate of increase proportional to the ecdysteroid content in the seeds; there was a 115% increase in living mass with 100 mg kg-1 of pure 20E compared with 109.5% increase with 100-180 mg kg-1 20E equivalents in the seeds. We conclude that the plethora of growth-promoting, vitamin-like effects induced in vertebrates by Leuzea is mediated by ecdysteroids. |
13: Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1995;95(4):78-9.
[The use of a decoction of the rhizome of Leuzea carthamoides for the treatment of alcoholics with depressive states]
Ibatov AN.
Decoction of Leuzea carthamoides rhizome was prescribed inside (half glass, 4-5 times a day during 2 months). The group of 37 patients was treated in ambulant clinic. From 28 patients who completed the treatment the remission which protracted up to 2 years was observed in 9 individuals, up to 1 year--in 11 and up to 6 months--in 8 persons. Decoction promoted correction not only depressive manifestations but also gastrointestinal diseases in some somatic patients. For alcoholic patients author recommends to use Leuzea carthamoides in combination with the another methods of therapy of alcoholism. Patients beard decoction administration well and hadn't suffered from any complications. |
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14: Vopr Onkol. 1992;38(9):1073-80.
[The inhibiting effect of phytoadaptogenic preparations from bioginseng, Eleutherococcus senticosus and Rhaponticum carthamoides on the development of nervous system tumors in rats induced by N-nitrosoethylurea]
Bespalov VG, Aleksandrov VA, Iaremenko KV. |
| The study was concerned with the inhibitory effect of officinal preparations of phytoadaptogenic drugs such as bioginseng and Eleutherococcus senticosus and Rhaponticum carthamoides root extracts on the carcinogenesis induced by transplacental administration of N-nitrosoethylurea. The phytodrugs were given orally over a year. The administration of the drugs was followed by longer survival of the rats and lower occurrence and/or multiplicity of tumors (mainly those of the central nervous system). The drugs were placed in the order of decreasing anticarcinogenic activity as follows: bioginseng, Rhaponticum carthamoides extract and Eleutherococcus senticosus extract. |
15: Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1987;13(3):37-42.
Effects of extract from Rhapontcum carthamoides (Willd) Iljin (Leuzea) on learning and memory in rats.
Mosharrof AH. Institute of Physiology , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
The effects of extract from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd) Ijin (Leuzea) on the processes of learning and memory in rats were investigated. R. carthamoides was administered orally in doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 2.5 g/kg body weight for 10 days prior to the training session. Using the maze-training method of active avoidance with punitive reinforcement, R. carthamoides improved the learning and memory indices to one degree or another depending on the dose applied. Using the "staircase-maze" method of training with food reinforcement, the low dose of R. carthamoides had no effect, while the high dose deteriorated learning. Using the method of step-through passive avoidance with punitive reinforcement, all three doses of R. carthamoides did not affect substantially the memory indices. R. carthamoides in a dose of 0.5 g/kg, administered orally for 10 days prior to the training, completely eliminated the scopolamine-induced memory impairment. |
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16: Farmakol Toksikol. 1976 Nov-Dec;39(6):690-3.
[Anabolic activity of phytoecdysone-ecdysterone isolated from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin]
Syrov VN, Kurmukov AG. |
| Introduction of phytiexdizone-exdisterone (0.5 mg/100 g) to rats for 7 days is shown to be attended by an accelerated body weight gain and also by a rising weight of the liver, heart, kidneys and musculus tibialis anterior. In these organs the total amount of protein increases. All of the above-stated changes are more marked when the substance is given to growing rats (70-- 80 g ). In experiments on castrated sexually immature rats the androgenic action of exdisterone, unlike that of methandrostenolone, is not demonstrable. |
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17: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Apr 25;770(1-2):291-5.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis and separation of N-feruloylserotonin isomers.
Pavlik M, Laudova V, Gruner K. Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague. |
| The N-feruloylserotonin containing fraction was isolated from seeds of Leuzea carthamoides (Willd.) DC by solvent extraction followed by column chromatography on silica gel or on Sephadex LH-20. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the isolated fraction showed the presence of four structurally related compounds. These compounds were identified as four isomers of N-feruloylserotonin: N-(Z)-feruloylserotonin, N-(Z)-isoferuloylserotonin, N-(E)-feruloylserotonin and N-(E)-isoferuloylserotonin. They were analyzed by HPLC on Separon SGX C18, Separon SGX and Separon SGX phenyl, using various mobile phases. Separon SGX phenyl phase was found the most efficient for a rapid analysis and for the final separation of the N-feruloylserotonin isomers. |
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18: Fitoterapia. 2001 Dec;72(8):940-2.
Two flavonol 5-O-glycosides from the roots of Leuzea carthamoides.
Sharaf M, Skiba A, Weglarz Z. Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki-12311, Cairo , Egypt . |
| Two new flavonoids, identified as quercetin 5-O-galactoside (1) and isorhamnetin 5-O-rhamnoside (2) were isolated from the roots of Leuzea carthamoides. |
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19: J Nat Prod. 1998 Oct;61(10):1298-9.
A stilbene from the roots of leuzea carthamoides
Hajdu Z, Varga E, Hohmann J. Departments of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical University, Hungary, and Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hu. |
| From the roots of Leuzea carthamoides, (E)-3,3'-dimethoxy-4, 4'-dihydroxystilbene (1) has been isolated and its structure elucidated by means of NMR spectroscopy, including HMQC and HMBC measurements, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. |
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20: Phytochemistry. 1997 Sep;46(1):103-5.
24(24(1))[Z]-dehydroamarasterone B, a phytoecdysteroid from seeds of Leuzea carthamoides.
Baltayev UA, Dinan L, Girault JP. Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Bashkortostan Republic Academy of Sciences , Russia .
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| A new phytoecdysteroid, 24(24(1))[Z]-dehydroamarasterone B, has been isolated from seeds of Leuzea (Rhaponticum) carthamoides. It has been unambiguously identified by CIMS, 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The biological activity of the ecdysteroid has been determined in the Drosophila melanogaster BII bioassay. The ED50 (5.2 x 10(-7) M) is 70-fold higher than that for 20-hydroxyecdysone (7.5 x 10(-9) M). |
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