La decocción de hojas del Mate es una bebida amarga tradicional de Sudamérica, donde se consume para aumentar la energía física y mental.
Esta planta crece al norte de Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay y sur de Brasil.
Parte Utilizada
La droga (Mate folium) está constituida por las hojas, ligeramente tostadas y desecadas.
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 PRESIONE LA BOTELLA PARA CONOCER LA PLANTA |
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Principios activos
• Xantinas: cafeína, teobromina, teofilina.
• Derivados del ácido cafeico: ácido clorogénico, neoclorogénico y criptoclorogénico.
• Taninos
• Aceites esenciales
• Saponinas triterpénicas (mateínas): ácido ursólico, beta-amirina, ilexósidos A y B.
• Flavonoides: Kaempferol, Quercitina, Rutina, Isoquercitrina.
• Otros: Colina y Trigonelina, aminoácidos y vitaminas (B2, B3, B5, B6, C).
• Glicósidos: menisdaurina
• Minerales: alto contenido de minerales, en especial Potasio, Magnesio y Manganeso. |
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Acción farmacológica:
Consideramos que Ilex paraguarienses es un adaptógenos energizante ya que, aunque no induce la síntesis de ATP, disminuye la hidrólisis de ATP, ADP y AMP.
El Consejo Europeo clasifica esta planta como saborizante, por lo que puede ser añadida a los alimentos en pequeñas cantidades.
La Comisión de expertos de Alemania indica su utilización en casos de fatiga física y mental.
1) Reducción de peso:
La utilización de dosis adecuadas de mate permiten lograr una pérdida significativa de peso en aproximadamente 45 días, debido a que:
• Prolonga significativamente el tiempo de vaciamiento gástrico, reduciendo así el tiempo de percepción de llenado gástrico.
• Disminuye el apetito
• Acelera el metabolismo de azúcares y grasas (glucogenólisis y lipólisis).
2) Antioxidante
Los principios activos del mate contribuyen a aumentar las defensas antioxidantes del organismo contra los ataques de radicales libres. Sus propiedades antioxidantes son mayores que las del ácido ascórbico (vitamina C). Inhibe el inicio y propagación de la oxidación del colesterol LDL, la peroxidación enzimática y no-enzimática de los llípidos y de las membranas celulares de los eritrocitos. Además, sus principios activos tienen la capacidad de atrapar radicales libres.
3) Otras propiedades
Los ácidos clorogénicos estimulan el sistema nervioso central. El mate es un diurético y analgésico suave que ha sido utilizado tradicionalmente para el tratamiento de cefaleas psicógenas o por fatiga, depresión nerviosa, fatiga, neuralgias, y artralgias reumáticas. Dependiendo de la concentración de principios activos, actúa sobre el sistema cardiovascular (efectos cronotrópico e inotrópico positivo, dilatación coronaria) y respiratorio (estimula la respiración, broncodilatador).
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MEDICINA SISTÉMICA E ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS
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| Efectos secundarios: |
No se han observado efectos secundarios con la ingestión de dosis apropiadas, sin embargo, las xantinas pueden producir insomnio, temblores, ansiedad y palpitaciones.
Existe una relación entre el cáncer de esófago y la ingestión de infusiones de mate, durante tiempo prolongado. Esta relación no se observa con el consumo de cápsulas que contienen extracto de mate. |
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Precauciones:
El uso de Yerba mate por personas que padecen hipertensión arterial incontrolada o enfermedades cardíacas deberá ser supervisado por el médico.
Debe evitarse el consumo excesivo de mate durante el embarazo y la lactancia.
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Dosificación:
Se recomiendan una a tres cápsulas con 400 mg de polvo de Ilex, tres veces por día, antes de cada comida. |
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Referencias
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1: J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Feb 10;97(1):73-7. Epub 2004 Dec 22.
Aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis decreases nucleotide hydrolysis in rat blood serum.
Gorgen M, Turatti K, Medeiros AR. Laboratorio de Bioquimica, UNIVATES Centro Universitario, Lajeado, Lajeado, RS, Brazil. |
| Mate is a xanthine-containing beverage, which is prepared as an infusion of the dried and ground leaves of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliacea). Previous reports have shown that Ilex paraguariensis has the highest levels of caffeine and theobromine when compared to other Ilex species. Furthermore, mate is able to interfere in the circulatory system, acting as a diuretic and hypotensive agent. Many processes of vascular injury result in the release of adenine nucleotides, which exert a variety of effects. Nucleoside 5' tri- and diphosphates may be hydrolyzed by members of the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) family. The synchronic action of a NTPDase and a 5'-nucleotidase promotes the catabolism of ATP to adenosine, which is able to control the extracellular nucleotides/nucleosides ratio. The chronic ingestion of aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis by rats during 15 days significantly decreased ATP (55%), ADP (50%) and AMP (40%) hydrolysis in blood serum. These results suggest changes in the balance of purine levels induced by Ilex paraguariensis ingestion. Considering the potential effects of Ilex paraguariensis in the circulatory system, these results may be relevant since NTPDases are a novel drug target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. |
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2: Mutat Res. 2004 Oct 4;554(1-2):53-65.
In vitro chemopreventive activity of Camellia sinensis, Ilex paraguariensis and Ardisia compressa tea extracts and selected polyphenols.
Ramirez-Mares MV, Chandra S, de Mejia EG. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. |
| Several herbal teas contain bioactive compounds that have been associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases including cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemopreventive activity of tea aqueous extracts and selected constituent pure polyphenols using a battery of in vitro marker systems relevant for the prevention of cancer. The effects of (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin (Q), gallic acid (GA), green tea (GT, Camellia sinensis), ardisia tea (AT, Ardisia compressa) and mate tea (MT, Ilex paraguariensis) extracts were tested. Cytotoxicity, TPA-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and quinone reductase (QR) activities were evaluated in vitro using HepG2 cells. The topoisomerase inhibitory activity was also tested, using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast system. Results suggest that MT, AT and GT are cytotoxic to the HepG2 cells, with MT demonstrating dominant cytotoxicity. EGCG showed greater cytotoxicity than Q and GA against HepG2 cells. The greatest inhibition (82%) of TPA-induced ODC activity was shown by Q, with 25 microM (IC50 = 11.90 microM). Topoisomerase II, but not topoisomerase I, was the cellular target of MT, AT, EGCG, Q and GA, which acted mainly as true catalytic inhibitors. The cytotoxic activity and the inhibition of topoisomerase II may contribute to the overall chemopreventive activity of AT and MT extracts. Ardisia and mate teas may thus share a public health potential as chemopreventive agents. |
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3: J Altern Complement Med. 2003 Jun;9(3):379-87.
Antioxidant activity of a botanical extract preparation of Ilex paraguariensis: prevention of DNA double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human low-density lipoprotein oxidation.
Bracesco N, Dell M, Rocha A. Laboratory de Radiobiologia, Department of Biofisica, Facultad Medicina, University of the Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay. |
| We analyzed the antioxidant properties of Ilex paraguariensis infusion (Ip) popularly known as mate (ma'ta), by using two experimental models: the induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and lethality in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as peroxide and lipoxygenase-induced human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Diploid yeast cells were exposed to different concentrations of H(2)O(2) (5-10 mmol/L) in the absence or presence of Ip infusion (10(-1) v/v) or alpha-tocopherol (10(-2) mol/L). Both mate infusion and alpha-tocopherol significantly decreased the dose dependent DSB number, and the lethality induced by H(2)O(2). Peroxynitrite and lipoxygenase-induced human LDL oxidation are inhibited by Ip extracts in a potent, dose-dependent fashion. Dilutions of 5 x 10(-3) v/v provide 50% +/- 10% inhibition. Finally, Ip extracts are potent direct quenchers of the free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Dilutions of 2 x 10(-2) v/v produced quenching of more than 30%, which was comparable to that obtained with 0.5-1 mmol/L alpha-tocopherol or the quercetin aglycone, respectively. For comparison, total polyphenol content of Ip, green, and black tea (Camelia sinensis) were 6.5 +/- 0.8; 1.8 +/- 0.5; and 1.13 +/- 0.3 mmol of quercetin equivalents per liter, respectively. Their respective free radical quenching activities at dilutions of 1 x 10(-1) v/v were 75% +/- 5%; 35% +/- 5%; and 2% +/- 5%. Ip is thus a rich source of polyphenols and has antioxidant properties comparable to those of green tea which merit further in vivo intervention and cross-sectional studies. |
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4: Life Sci. 2002 Dec 6;72(3):279-92.
The botanical extracts of Achyrocline satureoides and Ilex paraguariensis prevent methylglyoxal-induced inhibition of plasminogen and antithrombin III.
Gugliucci A, Menini T. Biochemistry Laboratory, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA, USA.
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| Endogenously produced dicarbonyls, such as methylglyoxal (MG), are involved in advanced glycation end-product formation and thus linked to the pathophysiology of diabetic chronic complications. While the search for synthetic new antiglycation agents continues, little attention has been paid to putative antiglycation agents in natural compounds. Given the link between glycation and oxidation, in this work, we study the effects of methylglyoxal on two model systems; plasminogen and antithrombin III (AT III), then we set out to unravel a possible antiglycation effect for extracts of the flavonoid-rich common herbal species Achyrocline satureoides (AS) and Ilex paraguariensis (IP). Using SAR-PRO-ARG-pNA as a specific thrombin substrate, we show that incubation of plasma with MG decreases heparin activation of AT III by up to a 70%, in a dose-dependent manner. A parallel dose-dependent decrease in plasminogen activity reaching more than 50% was shown using D-BUT-CHT-lys-pNA as a plasmin-specific substrate. Extracts of AS and IP display a dose dependent inhibition of the action of the dicarbonyl, already significant at a 1/100 dilution of the herbal infusions. The inhibition was comparable to that obtained by using millimolar concentrations of known AGE inhibitors such as aminoguanidine and carnosine as well as micromolar concentrations of the antioxidant ascorbic acid. We believe our system of whole plasma glycation over 16 h with micromolar concentrations of MG, coupled with the measurement of activities of plasminogen and AT III by specific substrates provides a straightforward, practical method for monitoring the action of putative antiglycation agents. If predictably milder glycated forms of AT III and plasminogen were to be secreted in vivo, the loss of activities shown here could act synergistically to generate hyperthrombicity. |
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5: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 May;957:279-83.
Comparative study on the antioxidant capacity of wines and other plant-derived beverages.
Actis-Goretta L, Mackenzie GG, Oteiza PI. Physical Chemistry-PRALIB, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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| Consistent epidemiological data point to a reduced morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis in people consuming plant-derived beverages such as tea or wine. We studied the antioxidant capacity of three red wines (W) and compared it those of tea and herbal "mate" tea infusions. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated measuring: (1) the inhibition of the luminol-induced chemiluminescence assay (TRAP); (2) the inhibition of 2.2'-thiobarbituric-reactive substances (TBARS) formation in liposomes by fluorescence; (3) the protection of Jurkat cells from AMVN-induced oxidation, measuring the oxidation of 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2'7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate to a fluorescent derivative. The polyphenolic content was estimated spectrophotometrically and by HPLC with electrochemical detection. All three beverages provided antioxidant protection in the three assays in a dose-dependent manner. Significant and positive correlations were found between antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content, especially in the Jurkat cell oxidation assay (r: 0.96, p < 0.01). Results suggest that these dietary components could be a source of antioxidants that protect from oxidative stress. Further studies of absorption and metabolism of the active compounds will judge the physiological relevance of these results for human health. |
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6: Fitoterapia. 2001 Nov;72(7):774-8.
Phenolic compounds in seven South American Ilex species.
Filip R, Lopez P, Giberti G. Catedra de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, IQUIMEFA (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. |
| Ilex paraguariensis (common name: 'mate' or 'yerba mate') is used for the preparation of the most popular tea-like beverage of South America. Choleretic, hypocholesteremic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and bitter taste properties of mate are attributed to the phenolic constituents of the leaves. I. paraguariensis has seven local congeneric substitutes or adulterants: I. brevicuspis; I. theezans; I. microdonta; I. dumosa var. dumosa; I. taubertiana; I. pseudobuxus; I. integerrima; and I. argentina. An HPLC method using UV with Photodiode Array Detector was developed for the identification and quantification of caffeoyl derivatives (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) and flavonoids (quercetin, rutin and kaempferol) in these species. I. paraguariensis showed a higher content of flavonoids and caffeoyl derivatives than the other assayed species. |
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7: J Hum Nutr Diet. 2001 Jun;14(3):243-50.
Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients.
Andersen T, Fogh J. Department of Ultrasound, Medical Center Charlottenlund, Charlottenlund, Denmark.
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BACKGROUND: Obesity and overweight may soon affect more than half of the population in some regions of the world and are associated with diabetes, hypertension and other diseases that cause morbidity, mortality and high health-care expenditure. No one approach, whether dietetic management, medication, or commercial weight loss programme, can alone solve the problem--all potential treatments need to be investigated and exploited. Among the herbal preparations known to non-western cultures are materials which may have applications in modulating physiological processes which influence gut motility, food intake and energy balance. One such mixed herbal preparation is 'YGD' containing Yerbe Mate (leaves of Ilex paraguayenis), Guarana (seeds of Paullinia cupana) and Damiana (leaves of Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca). AIMS: This study had two distinct aims: to determine the effect of a herbal preparation 'YGD' containing Yerbe Mate, Guarana and Damiana on gastric emptying; to determine the effect of the same preparation on weight loss over 10 days and 45 days and weight maintenance over 12 months. METHODS: Gastric emptying was observed using ultrasound scanning in seven healthy volunteers following YGD and placebo capsules taken with 420 mL apple juice. Body weight was observed before and after 10 days of treatment with three YGD capsules or three placebo capsules before each meal for 10 days in 44 healthy overweight patients attending a primary health care centre. Forty-seven healthy overweight patients entered a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel trial of three capsules of YGD capsules before each main meal for 45 days compared with three placebo capsules on body weight. Body weight was monitored in 22 patients who continued active (YGD capsules) treatment for 12 months. RESULTS: The herb preparation YGD was followed by a prolonged gastric emptying time of 58 +/- 15 min compared to 38 +/- 7.6 min after placebo (P = 0.025). Body weight reductions were 0.8 +/- 0.05 kg after YGD capsules compared to 0.3 +/- 0.03 kg after placebo capsules over 10 days, and 5.1 +/- 0.5 kg after PGD capsules compared to 0.3 +/- 0.08 kg after placebo over 45 days. Active treatment with YGD capsules resulted in weight maintenance of the group (73 kg at the beginning and 72.5 kg at the end of 12 months). CONCLUSIONS: The herbal preparation, YGD capsules, significantly delayed gastric emptying, reduced the time to perceived gastric fullness and induced significant weight loss over 45 days in overweight patients treated in a primary health care context. Maintenance treatment given in an uncontrolled context resulted in no further weight loss, nor weight regain in the group as a whole. The herbal preparation is thus shown to be one that significantly modulates gastric emptying. Further clinical studies with dietetic monitoring of energy intake, dietary quality, satiety ratings, body weight and body composition are now indicated, and examination of the active principles contained in the three herbal components may prove rewarding.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial |
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8: J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 May;75(2-3):291-4.
Choleretic effect and intestinal propulsion of 'mate' (Ilex paraguariensis) and its substitutes or adulterants.
Gorzalczany S, Filip R, Alonso MR. Catedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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| 'Mate' or 'Yerba mate' (Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae) is a tonic and stimulant beverage widely used in South America. It is also traditionally used in gastrointestinal disorders as eupeptic and choleretic agent. Accordingly, the effect of decoctions of the leaves of I. paraguariensis and three of its substitutes or adulterants (Ilex brevicuspis, Ilex argentina and Ilex theezans) on bile flow (BF) and intestinal propulsion were investigated. I. paraguariensis and I. brevicuspis induced an increase in BF, while the latter also enhanced intestinal transit. In contrast, neither I. argentina nor I. theezans exerted any effect on BF or intestinal propulsion. These results suggest that the therapeutic properties of I. paraguariensis will be affected when at least an adulterant is present in the final commercial product of Yerba mate. |
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9: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Mar 16;269(2):357-60.
Antioxidant effects of an aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis.
Schinella GR, Troiani G, Davila V. Catedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata Buenos Aires, Argentina. |
| In this work we investigate the antioxidant properties of an aqueous extract prepared from an infusion of Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae) using free radical-generating systems. The extract inhibited the enzymatic and nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes in a concentration-dependent fashion, with IC(50) values of 18 microg/ml and 28 microg/ml, respectively. The extract also inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced peroxidation of red blood cell membranes with an IC(50) of 100 microg/ml and exhibited radical scavenging properties toward superoxide anion (IC(50) = 15 microg/ml) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. In the range of concentrations used, the extract was not a scavenger of the hydroxyl radical. Our results suggest that ingestion of extracts of Ilex paraguariensis could contribute to increase the antioxidant defense of an organism against free radicals attack. |
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10: Phytomedicine. 1999 Oct;6(4):231-8.
Thermogenic effects of commercially available plant preparations aimed at treating human obesity.
Martinet A, Hostettmann K, Schutz Y. Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Universite de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Different commercially available plant preparations have been claimed to have anti-obesity action. We investigated the acute effects of oral administration of 12 of these preparations in non-obese women and men. No significant increase in energy expenditure (EE) has been noted after treatment with any of these preparations. No change in respiratory quotient (RQ) was shown, except after treatment with mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract, where a drop in RQ was observed, indicating a rise in the proportion of fat oxidized. The results suggested the poor potential of these plant preparations in the treatment of obesity, except possibly for the mate extract. Further studies are required to explore the influence of higher dosages of these preparations as well as chronic administration in man.
Publication Types:
• Clinical Trial
• Randomized Controlled Trial |
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11: J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Mar;60(2):133-9.
Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis on mesenteric arterial bed of rats.
Muccillo Baisch AL, Johnston KB, Paganini Stein FL. Setor de Farmacologia, Depto. de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Fundacao Universidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, Brazil. |
| The effects of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis leaves (AEIp) were studied. Mesenteric arterial bed (MAB), precontracted by methoxamine with or without intact endothelium, was mounted on a tissue bath and exposed to plant extracts (bolus). The bolus injections of AEIp (300-1050 microg) significantly inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the maximal contractile response induced by methoxamine (30 microm) in MAB. The endothelium-dependent relaxations were reversed by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mM), whereas methylene blue (100 microM) was not capable of effectively inhibiting the AEIp-induced vasodilatation of MAB. The vasorelaxing effect of AEIp persisted in the presence of indomethacin (10 microM). These results suggest the involvement of NO of endothelial source (or others factors) in this vasodilatory effect. |
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12: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Jul 16;224(2):338-44.
Antioxidant effects of Ilex paraguariensis: induction of decreased oxidability of human LDL in vivo.
Gugliucci A. Department of Anatomy, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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| We have recently demonstrated that Ilex paraguariensis extracts inhibit LDL oxidation in vitro exhibiting a potency comparable to that of ascorbic acid (Gugliucci, A. and Stahl, A.J.C. 1995; Biochem Mol Biol Int 35, 47-56). In the present work we extend our observations to the in vivo situation. We first examined the oxidability of LDL in whole plasma from healthy fasted human subjects before and after intake of Ilex paraguariensis. Intake of water extracts of Ilex paraguariensis inhibit copper-induced autoxidation of LDL in whole plasma as shown by the end-term production of TBARS, and as a consequence are able to impair the appearance of Schiff base induced fluorescence, higher electrophoretic mobility and fragmentation of apoB. When LDL was isolated from plasma prior to oxidation no significant differences in lag-time, slope or maximum rate of oxidation could be detected. We then conclude that antioxidants in Ilex paraguariensis are absorbed and reach sufficient high levels in plasma to inhibit copper-induced LDL autoxidation by increasing aqueous-phase antioxidant capacity. |
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13: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1995 Jan;35(1):47-56.
Low density lipoprotein oxidation is inhibited by extracts of Ilex paraguariensis.
Gugliucci A, Stahl AJ. Departement d'Immunologie, Immunopharmacologie et Pathologie, Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, France. |
| Some dietary polyphenolic substances have been shown to inhibit oxidation of LDL. "Mate" is a polyphenol-containing beverage, brewed from the dried and minced leaves of Ilex paraguariensis. In the present work we studied the effect of water and alcohol extracts of Ilex paraguariensis on the initiation and propagation of LDL copper or H2O2-induced autoxidation. Our data show that substances in water extracts of Ilex paraguariensis are capable of inhibiting the initiation and the propagation of LDL oxidation. They inhibit lipid peroxidation, monitored by diene conjugates and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, as well as protein modification as shown through direct measurement of free amino groups, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorescence. This inhibition is a concentration dependent effect that becomes already apparent at concentrations of extracts as low as 7.5 micrograms/ml. Inhibition is almost complete at 37.5 micrograms/ml. Alcohol extracts show similar effects though with less potency. The substances implicated in this antioxidant activity are largely nondializable. In terms of mass, water extracts of Ilex paraguariensis were more potent antioxidants than either ascorbic acid, or butylated hydroxytoluene. |
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